Local officials warn of crocodile attacks in Isabela river

Crocodile in the River

 
Philippines, Nueva Vizcaya – Authorities from an interior town in the northern province of Isabela have advised residents to avoid going near the Gilingan River after young crocodiles were caught there Wednesday.

Gacap Jose, chief of Benito Soliven’s Gilingan village reported over Bombo Radyo Cauayan that residents captured the three fresh-water crocs, prompting village officials to issue a warning because it was likely that adult crocodiles could be somewhere near the area.

Also, the warning stemmed from a report a crocodile attacked a pregnant woman – but survived — six months ago in Benito Soliven’s neighboring town of San Mariano, where a crocodile sanctuary was supposed to have been built.

According to Jose, there is reason for them to believe that the captured crocodiles were offspring of those that were released by a non-government organization in some rivers in Isabela last year.

Sumatran Tigers Lies Dead

Dead Tigers

JAKARTA, Indonesia – All of the animals at Indonesia's largest zoo — many of them critically endangered — could be dead within five years unless strong action is taken to change the culture of neglect and corruption that permeates the facility, a zoo offecial said Saturday.
An endangered Sumatran tiger was found dead Saturday morning in its cage at the Surabaya Zoo, spokesman Agus Supangkat said.
The remaining 13 Sumatran tigers are being kept in dirty, cramped cages and are also at great risk, said Tonny Sumampouw, the chairman of the country's zoo association who has been tasked with overseeing the facility after the government took it over earlier this year.

"Spectacular" Deep-Sea Species Found

An unidentified sea pen (pictured) belonging to the order Pennatulacea has been discovered during the July 2010 expedition on the Atlantic coast off Newfoundland.

Actually soft corals, sea pens are so named because their rows of polyps resemble old-fashioned quill pens, according to the University of California Museum of Paleontology.

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Dinosaur bones made a handy food supplement

In life, dinosaurs struck terror into the mammals they lived alongside. In death, they provided them with a handy source of calcium.

That's the conclusion of palaeontologists who have reinvestigated tooth marks found on dinosaur bones.

It was previously thought that these marks were made solely by other dinosaurs. The distinctive bites of tyrannosaurs, including Tyrannosaurus rex and its smaller relatives, are common on late Cretaceous fossils from Alberta in Canada, says Nick Longrich of Yale University. "If you go through fossil collections at random, you'll see a fair percentage with bite marks from tyrannosaurs."

But two bones dating back 75 million years at the Royal Tyrrell Musuem in Drumheller, Alberta, have different markings, Longrich discovered. These suggested that animals with pairs of closely spaced incisors in their upper and lower jaws had dug into the bones in the same way a person's teeth dig into corn on the cob.

The size and separation of the scratches indicated the animals were mammals similar in size to a modern chipmunk or squirrel.

Ceratosaurus Dinosaur

Ceratosaurus means ' horned reptile.' It was discovered by O.C Marsh in 18184. There are 3 classification, Saurischia, Theropoda and Ceratosauridae and it remains found in North America and East Africa.

These have a dimension of 6 metre length, 2 metres height and 900 kilograms weight. There food was carnivore.

Ceratosaurus was a strange dinosaur distinguished by several little horns on its skull. A larger one on the nostrils and two smaller ones above the eyes. Its teeth were barbed anusually large.
Along the back and tail was a kind of crest consisting of small, bony nodules.
Ceratosaurus was a biped and the front limbs had hands with four digits.

Carnotaurus Dinosaur

Carnotaurus mean's 'carnivorous bull'.it was discovered by Bonapare in 1985. there are 3 classification of Carnotaurus Saurischia, Theropoda and Abelisauridae. There remains from South America.

They have 7.5 metres length, 3 metres height and 1 tonne weight of dimensions. The food was carnivore.

Canotaurus was a large biped predator. The head was strong and imposing, with the teeth serrated like butcher's knives. The most distinctive features of this dinosaur were the two protuberances on its skull, like flat horns emerging above the ayes and its very short nose. Its arms were also unusual, very small in relation to the body, with a well-developed humerus but an extremely small radius and ulna.

There were four digits on the hand, one of which, unusually, turned inwards. Scientists have not yet established what purpose the very small arms serve, with the digits arranged in this unusual mannner.

The only remains of Carnotaurus were found in the prairies of Patagonia in Argentina in 1985. The palaeontologists were lucky enough also to find strips of fossilised skin, so they could form a more accurate idea of the external appearance of this creature. From the neck to the tail the skin had rows of small conical protuberances, while on the head were smaller little humps from which ran rows of large protuberant scale, covering the area round the eyes and the upper part of the nose.

Carcharodontosaurus Dinosaur

The name means 'lizard with shark's teeth' because the teeth of Carcharodontosaurus recall those of Carcharodon, the elastmobranch genus to which the great white sharks belongs.

It discovered by Stromer in 1931 and found in North Africa. There are 3 classification Saurischia, Theropoda, Carcharodontosauridae.

It has 14 meters length, 4 metres height and 8 tonnes weight of dimensions. There food was carnivore and carrior eater.

According to reconstruction by paleontologists, Carcharodontosaurus was one of the largest carnivores ever to exist. Its body nonetheless looked elegant and slender, with a long tail, a strong neck , powerful hind limps, well-developed front limps and hands with three digits and sharps claws. The head was particularly impressive for its size of a human and for its dozen of very sharp teeth, up to 12 centimeters long.

Carcharodontosaurus came into the limelight in 1995 when the palaeontologist Paul Sereno and his team, working deep in the desert, discovered the remains of a new specimen a complete half-skull, some vertebrae, parts of the limps and the pelvis. It was a sensational discovery in that the head alone was almost 1 metre 70 centimetre long. This rivalled the skull of the largest Tyrannosaurus rex ever found.

Baryonyx Dinosaur

Baryonyx means "heavy claw" because it was the first example found of a fossilized hand with a claw. It was discovered by Walker in 1983.

It has three classification, Saurischi, Thefopoda, and Spinosauridae. The remains found in Europe.
There food was piscivore.

The skull of Baryonyx was very similar to that of crocodile, narrow and elongated, with a very strong jaw and cone-shaped teeth. Between its eyes there was a bony crest. The front legs were long and strong, the hand having a thumb with a single curve claw.
The rear legs were and erect, supporting the whole weight of the body which was balanced by a long tail, very broad at the base.

It is very likely that Baryonyx lived in marshy areas and caught fish using its clawed thumb as a perfect hook for fishing . Among the fossilized bones of the rib cage of one example, numerous scales of a fish of the genus Lepidotes have been found; this was a very common fish in the Cretaceous period, almost a metre long. It is probale that these scales were the remains of the last mael of this Baryonyx.

Now, as then Baryonyx caught fish in the same way as the grizzly bear does in the rivers of North America.


Baryonyx Skull














Baryonyx Claw

Bagaceratops Dinosaur

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Bagaceratops means "little-horned face". It was discovered by Maryanska and Halszaka Osmolska, in 1975. and the remains found in Asia.

There three classifecation of Bagaceratops, Orrnithischia, Marginocephalia, and Protoceratopsidae.
It has a dimensions of 1 meter length, 50 centimeters and 22 kilograms weight. There food was herbivore.

Bagaceratops was a quadruped dinosaur, small but powerful, with a distinctive, toothed, bony crest along the back edge of its skull and a small horn on its muzzle; it had strong jaws and teeth for finely chewing the vegetation on which it fed.

Bagaceratops is one of the dinosaur which was found in Mongolia and it is regarded as one of the most primitive of the ceratopsians. As well as fossilized skeleton remains, its nests and eggs have been found.
Now as then at the end of its mouth, it had a beak similar to that parrot, useful for cutting vegetation.



The skull of Bagaceratops

ARGENTINOSAURUS Dinosaur

Argentinosaurus, means 'Argentine lizard'.It was discovered by Bonaparte and Coria in 1993. The remains found in South America. It has a dimensions of 40 meters length and 1oo tonnes weight.
There are classification of Argentinosaurus they are Saurischia, Saurodopa, and Titanosauridae.


Argentinosaurs, belongs to the family of land-dwelling animals which were probably the longest and heaviest which have ever existed. It was a gigantic dinosaur with an extremely long neck and tail, a some what slender body and tiny head; so, to excavate a complete skeleton of such a large dinosaur is very rare.
For Argentinosaurus, for example, we have found only some sections-some vertebrae, fragments of ribs, one tibia and pelvic bones. The experience of the palaeontologists, their expert knowledge of anatomy of the giant plant-eating sauropods and the ratio of measurements between each section has enabled them to reconstruct their size and appearance.

Argentinosaurus, is a record-breaking animal. Its 100 tonne weight makes it the heaviest dinosaur known so far.
Now, as then the sauropod dinosaurs had huge pillar-like legs in order to support their enormous weight. The digits rested on flexible, soft pads like those of the elephant, the largest land-dwelling animal today.






The bone leg of Argentinosaurus.

ARCHAEOPTERYX

Archaeopteryx, means 'ancient wing'. It is discovered by Meyer in 1861 and found in Europe. It has a dimensions of 50 centimeters length,25 centimeters height and 50 grams weight. There food was carnivore and insectivore.

Archaeopteryx, was a little like a small carnivore dinosaur and a little like a bird. Like all dinosaur, it had a long tail, sternum (the flat bone in the center of the thorax), three strong clawed digits on each 'wing hand' and a mouth with lots of sharp teeth curving inward. As with all birds, the Archaeopteryx had a wishbone, two 'big toes' pointing backward for perching on branches of trees and a body covered with plumes and feathers. This makes the Archaeopteryx a classic link in evolution which demonstrates how birds have developed from dinosaurs. It is believed that the Archaepteryx was a fine flyer.

Archaeopteryx is considered by many palaeontologist to be the oldest known bird. Study of the species has enabled scientists to understand the evolution of dinosaurs to birds and how they adapted to flight.

APATOSAURUS DINOSAUR

Apatosaurus, means 'deceitful lizard'. In fact, this dinosaur 'deceived' Othniel Marsh, the palaeontologist who discovered it in Marsh in 1877. He found some dinosaur bones and called it Apatosaurus. Two years later, he found other remains and thinking that these belonged to another species, called the 'new' dinosaur Brontosaurus(thunder lizard) Only later was it found that all these bones belonged to the same species of dinosaur. The first name Apatosaurus, is actually the correct one.
The remains of the Apatosaurus were found in North America.

Apatosaurus has three classification namely Saurischia,Sauropoda and Diplocidae.
It has 27 meters length,8 meters height and 35 tonnes weight dimension.
There food was herbivore.

Apatosaurus, was a powerful dinosaur, chracterized by legs like thick columns and a very long neck and tail-but with a head measuring only 55 centimetres,so tiny compared with the rest of the body! In its mouth it had long teeth at the front in the form of a sort of comb, useful for tearing leaves and shoots from branches of trees. The massive muscles in its back could have enabled the Apatosaurus to raise it self up on its hind legs to reach the most tender leaves at the tops of trees.
The long tail, very thin at the end, was a formidable weapon which the Apatosaurus could swish from side to side at incredible speed,whistling like a whip and shattering the bones of any enemy trying to get near.

During excavation one Apatosaurus skeleton and one Camasaurus skeleton were unearthed-but only one skull seemed to fit with the rest of the Apatosaurus remains, it was thought that the skull belonged to this dinosaur. For many years to come, the Apatosaurus wasss thought to have a skull belonged to the Camasaurus! And so, the Apatosaurus lost its head and remained without one until the discovery of a new, complete skeleton with the 'right' skull.
Now as then defending by using the tail is not so unusual: the iquana, for example behaves the same way.

ANTONIO DINOSAUR

Antonio dinosaur, was affectionately nicknamed 'ANTONIO'-but perhaps too hurriedly, because it now seems that the example found was female! It belongs to a gnewly-discovered species and its scientific name was given to it when the results of the first excavations were published.

It is discovered by Tiziana Brazzatti in 1995.And it is discovered remain in Europe.

Antonio Dinosaur has three classification such as Ornithischia, Ornithopoda and Hadrosauridae. It has 4 meters length, 1.3 meters height and 700 kilograms weight. There food was herbivore.

Antonio was a biped dinosaur but it could also move on four legs.It fed on plant life which it minced of with rows of hundreds of teeth. It had a flat nose like a duck's beak and lived in herbs with others of its type.

Antonio, came to light in Trieste, at the Villaggio del Pescatore (Feshermen's Village) in the Duino area. It was the oldest and most complete example of a hadrosaur dinosaur to be found in the world, giving us important information as to how this group of dinosaurs developed and their possible area of origin.

ANKYLOSAURUS DINOSAUR

Ankylosaurus, means 'stiff lizard'. Clearly this name was chosen due to the rigidity of the bony Armour plated covering.
This was discovered by Brown in 1908. It remains many fossilized of the Ankylosaurus have been found in North America-but no complete skeletons.

It has a dimensions of 10 meters length, 2.5 meters height and 4 tonnes weight. There food was herbivore.

Ankylosaurus, was a massive, gigantic dinosaur, yet quite agile. It moved on four legs, keeping its front legs slightly bent sideways in order to support its weight better. Head, neck back and tail were all protected by thick plates of solid bone, one overlapping the next to form one side of the body to other and with rows of strong, pointed spokes-an impenetrable defense against the teeth and the claws of the fiercest predators such as the Albertosaurus and the Tyrannosaurus.

On its tail, the Ankylosaurus had a bony structure similar to a club-one powerful blow would be enough to break the bones of the enemy.
Some scientists believe that this club was used not only as a defense but also in ritual fights beetwen males in order to claim females during the mating season.


The only part of the Ankylosaurus not covered by the armour-plating was the abdomen-and so it is possible that during attacks by more than one enemy, it would crouch down in order to protect this unprotected area of the body.

Dinosaurs of the Ankylosaurus family died out at the end of the Cretaceous Period, between 65 and 68 million years ago.
Therefore they were among the last dinosaurs to populate the Earth before the mass extinction.

Now, as then the armour-plating must have completely defended the adult Ankylosaurus against attack by predators-especially when combined with its extraordinary size-as daunting as that of today's huge elephant, the hippopotamus and the RHINOCEROS.

ANATOTITAN DINOSAUR

Anatotitan, means 'gigantic duck' It was discovered in North America by Chapman and Brett-Surman in 1990. There are three qualification of Anatotitan Onithischia,Ornithopodopa and Hadrosauridae

It has the dimensions of 12 meters length, 2.5 meters height and 5 tonnes weight. There food was herbivore.

Anatotitan could walk very quickly on two legs but it normally run on four legs. Its front legs were shorter than its strong hind legs and its feet ended with three digits each with a hoof. Its head was low and flat and with a wide, long beak. It had hundreds of teeth in its mouth which it used to grind up twigs and pipe.

Anatotitan, was originally named Anatosaurus-the duck reptile. Some experts think that, when attacked by a predator, it would flee into deep water. Its wide tail would have helped it to swim very rapidly.

Anatotitan, did not have a crest like other hadrosaurs. Instead it had two empty sacs at either side of its mouth which it may have been able to inflate - rather like those of the ELEPHANT SEAL today-in order to produce a loud, fumbling cry.

ALVAREZSAURUS DINOSAUR

Alvarezsaurus,means 'lizard of Alvarez' named after the historian Don Gregorio Alvarez. It is discovered by Bonaparte in 1991 and found in South America. It has the dimension of 2 meters length, 55 centimeters height and 8 kilograms weight. they eat carnivore and insectivore.

Alvarezsaurus, was a biped dinosaur, agile and with a very light body, its feet and long rear limbs making it a fast runner. It arms were very small and almost withered, so not much use. It neck was 'S'-shaped and its stiff tail-more than a meter long- was used by the Alvarezsaurus to keep its balance.
Alvarezsaurus was a dinosaurus closely linked to birds.

The Alvarezsaurus is classified both among dinosaurs and within groups of primitive birds. The most recent discoveries seem to suggest that they are members of the dinosaur family- but there is still some disagreement about this. Now, as then long'S'-shape neck of the Alvarezsaurus is like that of today's flightness birds, such as ostriches, emus and rheas.




Alvarezsaurus skeleton bone.

ALLOSAURUS DINOSAUR

Allosaurus, means 'strange lizard'. The palaeontologist who discovered it thought that its bones were very similar to a lizard's. It was discovered in Marsh in 1877. Allosaurus remains have been found in North America, Europe, Africa, Astralia, Asia and India. It has 14 meters length, 5 meters height and 3 tonnes weight. And eat carnivore.

The enormous quantity of remains in a good state of preservation has enabled paleontologist to reconstruct the anatomy of the Allosaurus in fine detail. The Allosaurus was a powerful, agile animal,m
moving in two legs. Its skull was huge, its neck long and muscular. Its teeth curved inward and had jagged edges like a steak knife so as to cut through even the toughest skin. It would bite its prey, holding it firmly if it tired to escape. Its three-digit hands had strong, pointed claws, ideal for digging deep into its victim's flesh. It is thought that herbs of Allosaurus could have hunted for prey as large as the gigantic Camptosaurus and Stegosaurus. The head of the Allosaurus had a strange bony crest which could have been used to recognize members of a herd, or to distinguish male from female.

The Allosaurus could reach speeds of 30 kilometers an hour - with each leap measuring a good 3 meters! As it ran along, it kept its head down, its body parallel to the ground, with its tail, long and rigid acting as a balance to keep the body stable.
Many experts believe that the Allosaurous had a hunting technique very similar to today's tiger-a long wait and then attacking at the shoulder of the prey, suddenly and rapidly.

ALBERTOSAURUS DINOSAUR

The name Albertosaurus comes from the place where its remains were first discovered on Osborne in 1905. at the province of Alberta, in Canada an it remains discovered in North America. Albertosaurus have 3 classification Saurischia, Theropoda, and Tyrannosauridae.

Albertosaurus, was a diped with a huge head and powerful teeth. Its tiny little front limbs each ended in just two jointed digits. These limbs were too short to reach up to the dinosaur's mouth and yet they were very strong. So, what use were they? Experts have tried to establish what the function of these limbs could have been but so far they have not been able to answer this question.

In 1996, the Canadian palaeontologist Philip Currie discovered some fossilized Albertosaurus skeleton all together ! This exceptional find provided the first real evidence that these huge carnivore dinosaurs lived in herds. The question remains as to what disaster caused the death all these dinosaurs at the same moment. Albertosaurus has the dimensions of 8 meters length 3 meters height and 2 tonnes weight.